1 00:00:39,933 --> 00:00:45,933 >>> WELCOME TO TODAY'S VERSION 2 00:00:45,933 --> 00:00:49,933 OF LUNCH AND LEARN. 3 00:00:49,933 --> 00:01:01,000 SO WE WANT TO TALK ABOUT -- IF 4 00:01:01,000 --> 00:01:02,000 YOU MISSED IT IN 2004, UNLESS 5 00:01:02,000 --> 00:01:05,000 YOU PLAN TO LIVE TO BE ABOUT 150 6 00:01:05,000 --> 00:01:06,000 YEARS OLD, YOU'RE PROBABLY NOT 7 00:01:06,000 --> 00:01:09,000 GOING TO SEE THIS THING AGAIN, 8 00:01:09,000 --> 00:01:12,000 OR -- AND SO WE'RE GOING TO TALK 9 00:01:12,000 --> 00:01:14,000 ABOUT THE VENUS AND TRANSIT, AND 10 00:01:14,000 --> 00:01:16,000 WE'RE GOING TO DO A LITTLE BIT 11 00:01:16,000 --> 00:01:25,000 MORE THAN JUST TALK ABOUT THE 12 00:01:25,000 --> 00:01:26,000 TRANSIT. 13 00:01:26,000 --> 00:01:31,933 WE ALSO WANT TO TALK ABOUT THE 14 00:01:31,933 --> 00:01:32,933 ASTRONOMICAL EVENT IN TERMS OF 15 00:01:32,933 --> 00:01:34,933 ITS IMPACT ON SPACE SCIENCE, AND 16 00:01:34,933 --> 00:01:36,933 THERE'S A VERY RICH HISTORY 17 00:01:36,933 --> 00:01:41,933 HERE, WHICH I HOPE YOU'LL ENJOY, 18 00:01:41,933 --> 00:01:42,800 AND IT'S MADE A SIGNIFICANT 19 00:01:42,800 --> 00:01:43,566 DIFFERENCE. 20 00:01:43,566 --> 00:01:44,933 AS YOU CAME IN, YOU WILL HAVE 21 00:01:44,933 --> 00:01:45,933 NOTICED THAT THERE'S SOME 22 00:01:45,933 --> 00:01:48,933 POSTERS AND ALSO SOME OF THESE 23 00:01:48,933 --> 00:01:50,933 VIEWING GLASSES, SO PLEASE 24 00:01:50,933 --> 00:01:52,266 WELCOME TO TAKE ONE -- TAKE ONLY 25 00:01:52,266 --> 00:01:53,000 ONE. 26 00:01:53,000 --> 00:01:54,933 DON'T TAKE 20 FOR ALL YOUR 27 00:01:54,933 --> 00:01:55,933 FAMILY AND FRIENDS TOMORROW 28 00:01:55,933 --> 00:01:56,933 BECAUSE A LOT OF PEOPLE ARE 29 00:01:56,933 --> 00:01:58,933 GOING TO SPREAD THESE OUT, AND 30 00:01:58,933 --> 00:01:59,933 WE'LL TALK A LITTLE BIT ABOUT 31 00:01:59,933 --> 00:02:01,433 THESE GLASSES HERE IN A LITTLE 32 00:02:01,433 --> 00:02:02,766 BIT, BUT IT'S VERY IMPORTANT 33 00:02:02,766 --> 00:02:05,000 THAT YOU GET SOME IF YOU WANT TO 34 00:02:05,000 --> 00:02:08,000 VIEW THE EVENT. 35 00:02:08,000 --> 00:02:10,000 SO LET'S GO AHEAD AND START AND 36 00:02:10,000 --> 00:02:12,000 TALK ABOUT THE VENUS IN TRANSIT. 37 00:02:12,000 --> 00:02:14,000 FIRST OF ALL, I WANT TO SAY THAT 38 00:02:14,000 --> 00:02:17,000 THIS TALK THAT I GOT -- THAT I 39 00:02:17,000 --> 00:02:19,000 AM GOING TO PRESENT HERE IS 40 00:02:19,000 --> 00:02:21,000 LARGELY PUT TOGETHER BY DR. JIM 41 00:02:21,000 --> 00:02:22,000 GREEN, WHO IS THE PLANETARY 42 00:02:22,000 --> 00:02:25,000 SCIENCE DIVISION UP AT NASA 43 00:02:25,000 --> 00:02:26,000 HEADQUARTERS, AND HE SAT WITH 44 00:02:26,000 --> 00:02:28,933 CORKY AND I ON THURSDAY 45 00:02:28,933 --> 00:02:29,933 THIS GREAT THING I'M GOING TO BE 46 00:02:29,933 --> 00:02:31,933 PRESENTING TO THE EMPLOYEES OF 47 00:02:31,933 --> 00:02:33,933 THE DISCOVERY CHANNEL, AND AS 48 00:02:33,933 --> 00:02:34,933 CORKY AND I WERE LOOKING, WE 49 00:02:34,933 --> 00:02:36,933 THOUGHT, MAN, THIS IS GREAT. 50 00:02:36,933 --> 00:02:38,933 I WONDER IF WE COULD STEAL IT 51 00:02:38,933 --> 00:02:40,066 FROM YOU AND SHARE IT AT 52 00:02:40,066 --> 00:02:40,700 MARSHALL. 53 00:02:40,700 --> 00:02:42,933 HE SAID, GREAT, SURE. 54 00:02:42,933 --> 00:02:44,933 I ADJUSTED, BUT TO LARGE PART 55 00:02:44,933 --> 00:02:46,933 THIS WAS PUT TOGETHER BY JIM 56 00:02:46,933 --> 00:02:47,933 GREEN AND WITH SIGNIFICANT 57 00:02:47,933 --> 00:02:51,933 CONTRIBUTIONS ALSO FROM J.P.L., 58 00:02:51,933 --> 00:02:52,933 AS YOU'LL SEE. 59 00:02:52,933 --> 00:02:53,933 FIRST OF ALL, LET'S TALK ABOUT 60 00:02:53,933 --> 00:02:56,133 WHAT A TRANSIT IS, AND IT'S VERY 61 00:02:56,133 --> 00:02:56,933 SIMPLE. 62 00:02:56,933 --> 00:03:01,000 IT'S BASICALLY WHEN -- IT'S LIKE 63 00:03:01,000 --> 00:03:02,000 AN ECLIPSE WHERE AN OBJECT 64 00:03:02,000 --> 00:03:04,000 PASSES BETWEEN US AND THE SUN 65 00:03:04,000 --> 00:03:05,166 AND IT BLOCKS OUT PART OF THE 66 00:03:05,166 --> 00:03:05,966 LIGHT. 67 00:03:05,966 --> 00:03:08,000 NOW, WHEN A LUNAR ECLIPSE OCCURS 68 00:03:08,000 --> 00:03:09,000 OR SOLAR ECLIPSE, WHEN THE MOON 69 00:03:09,000 --> 00:03:12,000 GOES BETWEEN THE SUN AND THE 70 00:03:12,000 --> 00:03:14,000 EARTH, IT REALLY BLOCKS OUT 71 00:03:14,000 --> 00:03:16,000 ESSENTIALLY THE ENTIRE SUN. 72 00:03:16,000 --> 00:03:17,000 WELL, VENUS IS TOO CLOSE TO THE 73 00:03:17,000 --> 00:03:20,000 SUN TO ACTUALLY DO ALL THAT, BUT 74 00:03:20,000 --> 00:03:23,000 IT WILL GO ACROSS THE SUN, AND 75 00:03:23,000 --> 00:03:27,000 YOU WILL BE ABLE TO SEE ITS 76 00:03:27,000 --> 00:03:28,933 SHADOW AS IT PASSES ACROSS THE 77 00:03:28,933 --> 00:03:31,933 DISK OF THE SUN, AND SO THAT IS 78 00:03:31,933 --> 00:03:34,933 ESSENTIALLY WHAT A TRANSIT IS. 79 00:03:34,933 --> 00:03:36,933 WE ALL SEE THIS EVERY TIME VENUS 80 00:03:36,933 --> 00:03:38,933 GETS NEAR THE SUN BECAUSE THE 81 00:03:38,933 --> 00:03:41,933 ORBIT OF VENUS AND THE ORBIT OF 82 00:03:41,933 --> 00:03:42,933 EARTH AROUND THE SUN ARE 83 00:03:42,933 --> 00:03:44,933 SLIGHTLY TILTED TOWARDS EACH 84 00:03:44,933 --> 00:03:45,933 OTHER, SO THERE ARE TIMES WHEN 85 00:03:45,933 --> 00:03:46,933 VENUS GOES BETWEEN US AND THE 86 00:03:46,933 --> 00:03:49,933 SUN, BUT BECAUSE OF THE ANGLE, 87 00:03:49,933 --> 00:03:51,266 IT DOES NOT PASS IN FRONT OF THE 88 00:03:51,266 --> 00:03:51,933 SUN. 89 00:03:51,933 --> 00:03:53,933 WE DON'T SEE A TRANSIT. 90 00:03:53,933 --> 00:03:55,933 OCCASIONALLY THIS DOES HAPPEN, 91 00:03:55,933 --> 00:03:57,933 AND IT ONLY HAPPENS EVERY SO 92 00:03:57,933 --> 00:03:59,933 OFTEN, AND HERE ARE THE DATES 93 00:03:59,933 --> 00:04:01,000 THAT YOU CAN SEE THE PREVIOUS 94 00:04:01,000 --> 00:04:02,000 TRANSITS AND, OF COURSE, 95 00:04:02,000 --> 00:04:05,000 TOMORROW IS THE ONE THAT'S GOING 96 00:04:05,000 --> 00:04:08,000 TO HAPPEN HERE, AND YOU'LL SEE 97 00:04:08,000 --> 00:04:11,000 ALSO THERE'S -- THAT IT DOESN'T 98 00:04:11,000 --> 00:04:16,000 HAPPEN ON A PERIODIC BASIS, AND 99 00:04:16,000 --> 00:04:18,000 THE REASON THAT IS IS BECAUSE ON 100 00:04:18,000 --> 00:04:19,000 TWO CONSECUTIVE OPPORTUNITIES 101 00:04:19,000 --> 00:04:21,000 WHERE VENUS IS BETWEEN US AND 102 00:04:21,000 --> 00:04:22,200 THE SUN, SOMETIMES IT'S SKIMMING 103 00:04:22,200 --> 00:04:23,166 THE TOP OF THE SUN, AND 104 00:04:23,166 --> 00:04:25,000 SOMETIMES IT'S SKIMMING THE 105 00:04:25,000 --> 00:04:26,433 BOTTOM OF THE SUN. 106 00:04:26,433 --> 00:04:27,433 THAT POINT. 107 00:04:27,433 --> 00:04:31,933 IF YOU LOOK AT THE PATH OF VENUS 108 00:04:31,933 --> 00:04:35,933 AND THE SKY IN 2004, THE LAST 109 00:04:35,933 --> 00:04:36,933 TIME THE TRANSIT OCCURRED, YOU 110 00:04:36,933 --> 00:04:39,933 CAN SEE THAT AT FIRST IT STARTED 111 00:04:39,933 --> 00:04:41,933 TRANSITING -- THIS IS THE SUN. 112 00:04:41,933 --> 00:04:42,933 FIRST IT STARTED TRANSITING 113 00:04:42,933 --> 00:04:45,933 ABOVE THE SUN, AND THEN ITS 114 00:04:45,933 --> 00:04:46,933 PATHWAY, IF YOU WERE EXTENDED 115 00:04:46,933 --> 00:04:48,933 HERE, YOU COULD SEE IT WENT 116 00:04:48,933 --> 00:04:49,933 RIGHT ACROSS THE SUN. 117 00:04:49,933 --> 00:04:50,933 THEN THE NEXT TIME IT CAME BY, 118 00:04:50,933 --> 00:04:51,933 IT WAS BELOW THE SUN. 119 00:04:51,933 --> 00:04:53,933 SO BECAUSE OF THE ANGLE WE DON'T 120 00:04:53,933 --> 00:04:57,933 GET THIS TRANSIT EVERY TIME 121 00:04:57,933 --> 00:05:01,000 OBSERVED EVERY TIME, BUT 122 00:05:01,000 --> 00:05:02,000 TOMORROW IS THE FIRST ONE -- OR 123 00:05:02,000 --> 00:05:04,000 IT WILL BE THE LAST ONE FOR 124 00:05:04,000 --> 00:05:06,466 ANOTHER 100 OR SO SOME ODD 125 00:05:06,466 --> 00:05:07,300 YEARS. 126 00:05:07,300 --> 00:05:09,500 NOW, THIS IS OBVIOUSLY NOT A NEW 127 00:05:09,500 --> 00:05:10,233 EVENT. 128 00:05:10,233 --> 00:05:14,000 THERE'S EVIDENCE THAT -- OF 129 00:05:14,000 --> 00:05:16,000 VENUS TRANSITS IN HISTORY. 130 00:05:16,000 --> 00:05:19,000 BACK TO THE BABYLONIAN DAYS IN 131 00:05:19,000 --> 00:05:23,000 1500 B.C. AND EVEN THE AZTECS, 132 00:05:23,000 --> 00:05:24,000 MONTEZUMA AND SOME OF THEIR 133 00:05:24,000 --> 00:05:24,700 RECORDINGS, THERE'S EVIDENCE OF 134 00:05:24,700 --> 00:05:25,466 THAT. 135 00:05:25,466 --> 00:05:26,000 I KNOW THIS IS TRUE BECAUSE I 136 00:05:26,000 --> 00:05:28,933 GOT THIS ON THE WEB. 137 00:05:28,933 --> 00:05:29,933 SO, THEREFORE, IT MUST BE 138 00:05:29,933 --> 00:05:31,933 OBVIOUSLY TRUE. 139 00:05:31,933 --> 00:05:33,933 NOW, SERIOUSLY, IT'S NOT 140 00:05:33,933 --> 00:05:35,933 CONCLUSIVE EVIDENCE, BUT PEOPLE 141 00:05:35,933 --> 00:05:38,933 WHO REALLY UNDERSTAND THIS DO 142 00:05:38,933 --> 00:05:40,933 BELIEVE THAT THEY WERE 143 00:05:40,933 --> 00:05:41,933 REFERENCING OR A STRONG 144 00:05:41,933 --> 00:05:43,933 POSSIBILITY THAT THEY WERE 145 00:05:43,933 --> 00:05:46,933 REFERENCING A VENUS TRANSIT. 146 00:05:46,933 --> 00:05:47,933 OUR VERY FIRST -- LET'S TALK 147 00:05:47,933 --> 00:05:50,933 ABOUT THE IMPACT OF THIS VENUS 148 00:05:50,933 --> 00:05:51,933 TRANSIT TO SPACE SCIENCE. 149 00:05:51,933 --> 00:05:55,933 I'M GOING TOO MAKE THE CASE THAT 150 00:05:55,933 --> 00:05:56,933 NASA IN TERMS THAT THEY TALK 151 00:05:56,933 --> 00:06:01,000 ABOUT THE SCIENCE MISSION 152 00:06:01,000 --> 00:06:02,000 DIRECTORY THAT WE HAVE 153 00:06:02,000 --> 00:06:04,000 ASTROPHYSICS AND PLANETARY 154 00:06:04,000 --> 00:06:05,000 SCIENCE AND EARTH SCIENCE, AND 155 00:06:05,000 --> 00:06:08,000 WE HAVE HELIOPHYSICS, AND I'M 156 00:06:08,000 --> 00:06:09,000 GOING TO TRY TO MAKE THE CASE 157 00:06:09,000 --> 00:06:12,000 TODAY THAT IN EVERY ONE OF THESE 158 00:06:12,000 --> 00:06:14,000 AREAS, THIS PARTICULAR EVENT 159 00:06:14,000 --> 00:06:15,000 THROUGHOUT TIME HAS PLAYED A 160 00:06:15,000 --> 00:06:17,533 ROLE IN EACH OF THOSE SCIENCE 161 00:06:17,533 --> 00:06:18,766 DISCIPLINES. 162 00:06:18,766 --> 00:06:24,000 BEGINNING IN 1610 WITH GALILEO 163 00:06:24,000 --> 00:06:25,000 AND HIS -- AND THE DEVELOPMENT 164 00:06:25,000 --> 00:06:29,933 OF THE TELESCOPE, HE WAS ABLE TO 165 00:06:29,933 --> 00:06:32,933 LIKE WE SEE THE LUNAR PHASES AND 166 00:06:32,933 --> 00:06:34,933 DETERMINE THAT THAT BRIGHT 167 00:06:34,933 --> 00:06:35,933 OBJECT IN THE SKY WAS NOT JUST A 168 00:06:35,933 --> 00:06:37,933 POINT, BUT IT WAS ACTUALLY A 169 00:06:37,933 --> 00:06:40,933 DISK OR A BALL, AND HE COULD 170 00:06:40,933 --> 00:06:43,933 OBSERVE THE PHASES OF VENUS, AND 171 00:06:43,933 --> 00:06:45,933 THIS WAS VERY SIGNIFICANT AT 172 00:06:45,933 --> 00:06:48,933 THAT PERIOD OF TIME BECAUSE IT 173 00:06:48,933 --> 00:06:54,933 FURTHER CONFIRMS THE CAPERNICUS 174 00:06:54,933 --> 00:06:56,933 IDEA THAT THE PLANETS REVOLVED 175 00:06:56,933 --> 00:06:57,933 AROUND THE SUN AND NOT 176 00:06:57,933 --> 00:06:59,933 EVERYTHING AROUND THE EARTH, SO 177 00:06:59,933 --> 00:07:01,000 YOU ALL KNOW A LITTLE BIT ABOUT 178 00:07:01,000 --> 00:07:03,000 THE TRIALS AND TRIBULATIONS THAT 179 00:07:03,000 --> 00:07:08,000 GALILEO WENT THROUGH ON THAT, 180 00:07:08,000 --> 00:07:10,000 BUT, NEVERTHELESS, THE 181 00:07:10,000 --> 00:07:15,000 OBSERVATIONS OF VENUS WERE 182 00:07:15,000 --> 00:07:18,000 SIGNIFICANT IN THAT SENSE. 183 00:07:18,000 --> 00:07:20,000 THERE'S A TON OF DATA OF THESE 184 00:07:20,000 --> 00:07:20,800 PLANETS AS THEY WERE BEING 185 00:07:20,800 --> 00:07:21,566 DISCOVERED. 186 00:07:21,566 --> 00:07:23,000 I'M TRYING TO UNDERSTAND WHAT 187 00:07:23,000 --> 00:07:26,000 THEIR MOTION WAS AND, OF COURSE, 188 00:07:26,000 --> 00:07:30,000 KEPLER CAME UP WITH THE THEORY 189 00:07:30,000 --> 00:07:34,000 OF ORBITAL MECHANICS, AND IN 190 00:07:34,000 --> 00:07:37,000 DOING SO HE PREDICTED A VENUS 191 00:07:37,000 --> 00:07:40,000 TRANSIT IN 1631. 192 00:07:40,000 --> 00:07:41,000 NOW, UNFORTUNATELY, THIS 193 00:07:41,000 --> 00:07:42,000 PARTICULAR TRANSIT WAS NOT 194 00:07:42,000 --> 00:07:44,000 VISIBLE IN EUROPE, SO THERE'S NO 195 00:07:44,000 --> 00:07:45,000 RECORDED EVIDENCE ABOUT ANYBODY 196 00:07:45,000 --> 00:07:46,000 HAVING SEEN IT AND, OF COURSE, 197 00:07:46,000 --> 00:07:48,000 THERE MAY HAVE BEEN A LITTLE BIT 198 00:07:48,000 --> 00:07:50,000 OF DISAPPOINTMENT FROM THE FOLKS 199 00:07:50,000 --> 00:07:52,000 AT THAT POINT. 200 00:07:52,000 --> 00:07:53,000 HOWEVER, EIGHT YEARS LATER, YOU 201 00:07:53,000 --> 00:07:54,000 KNOW, THIS IS KIND OF THAT 202 00:07:54,000 --> 00:07:57,000 SECOND PAIR OF THE TRANSIT. 203 00:07:57,000 --> 00:08:01,066 IT WAS OBSERVED. 204 00:08:01,066 --> 00:08:02,066 JEREMIAH CORRECTLY PREDICTS AND 205 00:08:02,066 --> 00:08:03,066 FIRST OEBZ THE VENUS TRANSIT AND 206 00:08:03,066 --> 00:08:07,066 HIS BUDDY WILLIAM CRABTREE DID 207 00:08:07,066 --> 00:08:08,066 THE SAME. 208 00:08:08,066 --> 00:08:12,066 THIS IS THE FIRST TIME WHERE WE 209 00:08:12,066 --> 00:08:13,066 GET REALLY STRONG EVIDENCE OF 210 00:08:13,066 --> 00:08:15,066 THE FIRST UNMISTAKABLE 211 00:08:15,066 --> 00:08:17,066 OBSERVATIONS OF THE TRANSIT 212 00:08:17,066 --> 00:08:19,066 ACROSS THE SUN, AND SO IN 213 00:08:19,066 --> 00:08:20,066 PLANETARY SCIENCE WE'RE GOING 214 00:08:20,066 --> 00:08:22,066 BEGINNING TO SEE THAT FOLKS ARE 215 00:08:22,066 --> 00:08:23,066 GETTING A HANDLE ABOUT HOW THE 216 00:08:23,066 --> 00:08:26,066 PLANETS MOVE AND WHERE THEY ARE 217 00:08:26,066 --> 00:08:30,000 AND SO IT HAD -- IT PLAYS A 218 00:08:30,000 --> 00:08:31,000 SCIENCE. 219 00:08:31,000 --> 00:08:33,000 NOW, THE FOLLOWING YEAR WE SEE 220 00:08:33,000 --> 00:08:34,600 THAT -- HOW DO I GO BACK? 221 00:08:34,600 --> 00:08:36,033 ANYWAY, THE FOLLOWING 222 00:08:36,033 --> 00:08:40,000 OPPORTUNITY FOR THE TRANSIT NOW 223 00:08:40,000 --> 00:08:42,000 IN 1761 NOW THAT PEOPLE ARE ABLE 224 00:08:42,000 --> 00:08:45,000 TO PREDICT IT, IT WAS OBSERVED 225 00:08:45,000 --> 00:08:51,000 BY SEVERAL PEOPLE, 176, BUT WE 226 00:08:51,000 --> 00:08:53,000 MADE A NEW DISCOVERY. 227 00:08:53,000 --> 00:08:56,000 WE OBSERVED THAT AS THE PLANET 228 00:08:56,000 --> 00:09:00,000 WAS APPROACHING THE EDGE OF THE 229 00:09:00,000 --> 00:09:02,000 SOLAR DISK AND AS IT WAS EXITING 230 00:09:02,000 --> 00:09:06,000 THAT THE LIGHT APPEARED TO BE 231 00:09:06,000 --> 00:09:09,000 BENT AROUND THE PLANET IN THIS 232 00:09:09,000 --> 00:09:10,000 FASHION, AND YOU CAN KIND OF SEE 233 00:09:10,000 --> 00:09:12,000 IT OBSERVED RIGHT HERE, SEE THAT 234 00:09:12,000 --> 00:09:15,000 LITTLE LIGHT AREA RIGHT THERE, 235 00:09:15,000 --> 00:09:16,000 AND SO WHEN THAT WAS FIRST 236 00:09:16,000 --> 00:09:17,000 OBSERVED, PEOPLE WERE SAYING 237 00:09:17,000 --> 00:09:18,000 WHAT'S GOING ON HERE? 238 00:09:18,000 --> 00:09:20,000 WELL, IT TURNS OUT THAT NOW THIS 239 00:09:20,000 --> 00:09:22,000 IS BASICALLY THE DISCOVERY OF 240 00:09:22,000 --> 00:09:24,000 THE ATMOSPHERE OF VENUS, AND 241 00:09:24,000 --> 00:09:27,000 MUCH LIKE OUR ATMOSPHERE HERE ON 242 00:09:27,000 --> 00:09:28,933 EARTH, BEND, LIGHTS, RAYS AS IT 243 00:09:28,933 --> 00:09:29,933 COMES THROUGH, THIS IS WHAT WE 244 00:09:29,933 --> 00:09:31,933 ARE RECORDING HERE, THAT THE 245 00:09:31,933 --> 00:09:32,933 ATMOSPHERE OF VENUS IS NOW 246 00:09:32,933 --> 00:09:34,633 BENDING THE LIGHT RAYS AS IT 247 00:09:34,633 --> 00:09:36,466 COMES AROUND AND COMES THROUGH 248 00:09:36,466 --> 00:09:39,933 AS A LENSING EFFECT, AND SO NOW 249 00:09:39,933 --> 00:09:41,933 WE HAVE THE DISCOVERY THAT 250 00:09:41,933 --> 00:09:43,933 ANOTHER PLANET HAS SOME SORT OF 251 00:09:43,933 --> 00:09:44,933 EARTH-LIKE PROPERTIES. 252 00:09:44,933 --> 00:09:45,933 NOW, WE NOW KNOW THAT THE 253 00:09:45,933 --> 00:09:47,933 ATMOSPHERE OF VENUS IS VERY, 254 00:09:47,933 --> 00:09:48,733 VERY DIFFERENT, BUT 255 00:09:48,733 --> 00:09:49,800 NEVERTHELESS, THE DISCOVERY OF 256 00:09:49,800 --> 00:09:51,933 THE FACT THAT ONE OF THE PLANETS 257 00:09:51,933 --> 00:09:54,933 HAD AN ATMOSPHERE WAS VERY 258 00:09:54,933 --> 00:09:56,200 SIGNIFICANT IN MANY WAYS, BUT 259 00:09:56,200 --> 00:09:57,233 CERTAINLY -- THAT'S MY 260 00:09:57,233 --> 00:09:59,933 CONNECTION TO EARTH SCIENCE, AND 261 00:09:59,933 --> 00:10:02,000 THAT'S AS FAR AS WE CAN GET, BUT 262 00:10:02,000 --> 00:10:03,000 ANYWAY, THAT'S -- I'M GOING TO 263 00:10:03,000 --> 00:10:07,000 GO WITH THAT. 264 00:10:07,000 --> 00:10:10,000 AND SO IT'S 1761. 265 00:10:10,000 --> 00:10:12,000 THAT DISCOVERY WAS MADE. 266 00:10:12,000 --> 00:10:15,000 NOW THE NEXT TIME THE TRANSIT 267 00:10:15,000 --> 00:10:19,000 OCCURRED, EIGHT YEARS LATER, 268 00:10:19,000 --> 00:10:20,000 THERE WERE PEOPLE THAT HAD 269 00:10:20,000 --> 00:10:21,000 BEGUN -- THE SCIENTIFIC 270 00:10:21,000 --> 00:10:22,000 COMMUNITY HAD BEGUN TO RALLY 271 00:10:22,000 --> 00:10:24,000 AROUND THIS A BIT. 272 00:10:24,000 --> 00:10:25,000 IT WAS PREDICTED. 273 00:10:25,000 --> 00:10:27,000 THERE WERE OVER 400 SIGHTINGS. 274 00:10:27,000 --> 00:10:28,933 PROBABLY THE MOST INTERESTING 275 00:10:28,933 --> 00:10:30,933 ONE WAS CAPTAIN COOK AS HE WAS 276 00:10:30,933 --> 00:10:32,333 OVER IN THE TAHITI ISLANDS, SET 277 00:10:32,333 --> 00:10:33,600 UP AN OBSERVATION POINT AND 278 00:10:33,600 --> 00:10:35,933 OBSERVED IT FROM TAHITI. 279 00:10:35,933 --> 00:10:36,933 BASICALLY PEOPLE THAT WERE 280 00:10:36,933 --> 00:10:38,933 OBSERVING THAT ALL OVER THE 281 00:10:38,933 --> 00:10:41,933 EARTH, SO NOW YOU'RE BEGINNING 282 00:10:41,933 --> 00:10:44,933 TO GET A SENSE OF, YOU KNOW, 283 00:10:44,933 --> 00:10:46,933 WHAT EXTENT THIS IS AND MAYBE 284 00:10:46,933 --> 00:10:48,933 EVEN USE THAT INFORMATION TO 285 00:10:48,933 --> 00:10:50,933 HELP US CALCULATE THE DISTANCE 286 00:10:50,933 --> 00:10:55,933 BETWEEN THE EARTH AND THE SUN. 287 00:10:55,933 --> 00:10:56,933 IN PENNSYLVANIA YOU CAN SEE THIS 288 00:10:56,933 --> 00:11:01,000 KIND OF GIVES YOU A SENSE OF THE 289 00:11:01,000 --> 00:11:02,000 TYPE OF DATA THAT THEY WERE 290 00:11:02,000 --> 00:11:06,000 COLLECTING AT THAT POINT, AND 291 00:11:06,000 --> 00:11:09,000 THIS GUY FROM PENNSYLVANIA MADE 292 00:11:09,000 --> 00:11:11,000 VERY, VERY DETAILED CALCULATIONS 293 00:11:11,000 --> 00:11:12,566 OF WHERE IT WAS AND AT WHAT 294 00:11:12,566 --> 00:11:13,266 TIME. 295 00:11:13,266 --> 00:11:16,000 I CAN'T READ ALL THAT, SO 296 00:11:16,000 --> 00:11:17,300 OBVIOUSLY THERE'S A LOT OF 297 00:11:17,300 --> 00:11:18,233 INFORMATION THERE. 298 00:11:18,233 --> 00:11:21,000 THE NEXT OPPORTUNITY FOR THE 299 00:11:21,000 --> 00:11:23,000 TRANSIT NOW, NOW THE FEDERAL 300 00:11:23,000 --> 00:11:25,000 GOVERNMENT GETS INVOLVED, SO NOW 301 00:11:25,000 --> 00:11:29,933 WE KNOW WE'RE IN REALLY GOOD BIG 302 00:11:29,933 --> 00:11:31,933 TECHNOLOGY OF THE PHOTOGRAPHIC 303 00:11:31,933 --> 00:11:32,933 TECHNOLOGY WAS BEING DEVELOPED, 304 00:11:32,933 --> 00:11:37,933 SO NOW THE OBSERVATIONS ARE MADE 305 00:11:37,933 --> 00:11:40,933 IN THE SENSE THAT THEY CAN BE 306 00:11:40,933 --> 00:11:41,933 VERY CAREFULLY MADE AND MORE 307 00:11:41,933 --> 00:11:45,933 EXACTING, AND, IN FACT, IN 1874 308 00:11:45,933 --> 00:11:46,933 FOR THE FIRST TIME CONGRESS 309 00:11:46,933 --> 00:11:52,933 ALLOCATES $75,000 FOR SPACE 310 00:11:52,933 --> 00:11:53,933 SCIENCE RESEARCH. 311 00:11:53,933 --> 00:11:55,933 THAT'S KIND OF A PREVIEW OF 312 00:11:55,933 --> 00:11:56,933 THINGS TO COME. 313 00:11:56,933 --> 00:11:58,933 BACK IN 1874 IT'S THE FIRST TIME 314 00:11:58,933 --> 00:11:59,933 THAT THAT OCCURRED. 315 00:11:59,933 --> 00:12:04,000 AND WITH ALL OF THOSE 316 00:12:04,000 --> 00:12:09,000 OBSERVATIONS, THEY BEGAN TO 317 00:12:09,000 --> 00:12:10,000 PUBLISH THE CALCULATED DISTANCE 318 00:12:10,000 --> 00:12:14,000 BETWEEN THAT AND THE SUN AND IN 319 00:12:14,000 --> 00:12:16,000 1872 THEY CALCULATE THE 91 320 00:12:16,000 --> 00:12:17,000 MILLION MILES, AND THIS IS DONE 321 00:12:17,000 --> 00:12:21,000 WITH THE TRIANGULIZATION AND THE 322 00:12:21,000 --> 00:12:22,000 OBSERVATIONS OF THE VERY 323 00:12:22,000 --> 00:12:23,000 EXTREMES OF THE EARTH FROM ONE 324 00:12:23,000 --> 00:12:29,933 SIDE TO THE OTHER, AND WHEN THE 325 00:12:29,933 --> 00:12:30,933 HERE IS SOME PHOTOGRAPHIC 326 00:12:30,933 --> 00:12:33,933 OBSERVATIONS THAT WERE MADE BY 327 00:12:33,933 --> 00:12:38,933 THE -- IN CALIFORNIA WHERE THEY 328 00:12:38,933 --> 00:12:41,933 PIECE TOGETHER THE PHOTOGRAPHIC 329 00:12:41,933 --> 00:12:49,933 PLATE AND BY -- TAKEN BY VASSER 330 00:12:49,933 --> 00:12:54,933 COLLEGE. 331 00:12:54,933 --> 00:12:57,933 THEY'RE BEGINNING TO GET 332 00:12:57,933 --> 00:12:58,933 INVOLVED WITH TRYING TO 333 00:12:58,933 --> 00:13:02,333 UNDERSTAND AND LEARN ABOUT THIS 334 00:13:02,333 --> 00:13:03,333 EVENT. 335 00:13:03,333 --> 00:13:09,000 WITH ALL OF THESE THE 336 00:13:09,000 --> 00:13:10,100 ASTRONOMICAL UNIT, THAT IS THE 337 00:13:10,100 --> 00:13:11,200 DISTANCE BETWEEN THE EARTH AND 338 00:13:11,200 --> 00:13:13,000 THE SUN, IT S KIND OF A 339 00:13:13,000 --> 00:13:15,000 FUNDAMENTAL UNIT USED IN 340 00:13:15,000 --> 00:13:19,000 PLANETARY AND WITH HELIOPHYSICS. 341 00:13:19,000 --> 00:13:21,000 IT'S BEGINNING TO BE NARROWED 342 00:13:21,000 --> 00:13:25,000 DOWN, AND IN 1882 THE BEST 343 00:13:25,000 --> 00:13:28,933 CALCULATION PUT IT AT ABOUT 344 00:13:28,933 --> 00:13:29,933 92,720,000 MILES. 345 00:13:29,933 --> 00:13:30,933 WE NOW KNOW THAT BASED ON 346 00:13:30,933 --> 00:13:34,933 THOSE -- SOME OF THE RADAR 347 00:13:34,933 --> 00:13:35,933 STUDIES AND SOME OF THE MISSIONS 348 00:13:35,933 --> 00:13:40,933 THAT WE HAVE IT AT 92,957,209 349 00:13:40,933 --> 00:13:42,933 MILES, AND SO BACK IN 1882 THEY 350 00:13:42,933 --> 00:13:44,933 GOT IT WITH THE .3% OF WHAT WE 351 00:13:44,933 --> 00:13:45,933 KNOW IS THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE 352 00:13:45,933 --> 00:13:47,933 EARTH AND THE SUN, AND THAT'S 353 00:13:47,933 --> 00:13:48,933 REALLY QUITE REMARKABLE 354 00:13:48,933 --> 00:13:50,933 CONSIDERING THE TECHNOLOGY THAT 355 00:13:50,933 --> 00:13:52,933 THEY HAD AT THEIR DISPOSAL AT 356 00:13:52,933 --> 00:13:55,933 THAT TIME. 357 00:13:55,933 --> 00:13:57,933 HERE WE SEE A LOT OF GOOD 358 00:13:57,933 --> 00:13:58,933 HELIOPHYSICS COMING IN WHERE 359 00:13:58,933 --> 00:13:59,933 THEY ARE REALLY NAILING DOWN THE 360 00:13:59,933 --> 00:14:03,000 DISTANCE BETWEEN THE EARTH AND 361 00:14:03,000 --> 00:14:05,000 THE SUN. 362 00:14:05,000 --> 00:14:06,000 BY THIS TIME NOW IT HAS CAUGHT 363 00:14:06,000 --> 00:14:09,000 THE PUBLIC'S IMAGINATION, AND SO 364 00:14:09,000 --> 00:14:12,000 FOR THE TRANSIT IN 1882 ABOUT 365 00:14:12,000 --> 00:14:14,000 EVERY NATIONAL NEWSPAPER AND 366 00:14:14,000 --> 00:14:16,000 INTERNATIONAL NEWSPAPER 367 00:14:16,000 --> 00:14:17,000 HEADLINED THE EVENT. 368 00:14:17,000 --> 00:14:19,000 YOU KNOW, POLITICAL CARTOONS, 369 00:14:19,000 --> 00:14:21,000 I'M SURE, WERE RAMPANT AT THAT 370 00:14:21,000 --> 00:14:23,000 TIME, BUT ALSO THE FAMOUS JOHN 371 00:14:23,000 --> 00:14:26,000 PHILLIP SUSA, THE MARCH BAND 372 00:14:26,000 --> 00:14:28,933 COMPOSER COMPOSED A MARCH CALLED 373 00:14:28,933 --> 00:14:30,933 "VENUS" AND IF YOU GO ON THE WEB 374 00:14:30,933 --> 00:14:31,933 AND CLICK IT AS YOU'RE WATCHING 375 00:14:31,933 --> 00:14:32,933 THE TRANSIT TOMORROW AFTERNOON, 376 00:14:32,933 --> 00:14:34,933 ULENE BE MORE INSPIRED TO ENJOY 377 00:14:34,933 --> 00:14:36,933 THE EVENT. 378 00:14:36,933 --> 00:14:39,933 NOT ONLY THAT, BUT SCIENCE 379 00:14:39,933 --> 00:14:41,933 FICTION NOW HAS CAUGHT HOLD, AND 380 00:14:41,933 --> 00:14:46,933 EDDIE RICE BURROW OF TARZAN FAME 381 00:14:46,933 --> 00:14:47,933 AND JOHN CARTER FAME, MOST 382 00:14:47,933 --> 00:14:50,933 RECENTLY IN A MOVIE, ALSO WROTE 383 00:14:50,933 --> 00:14:51,933 ABOUT VENUS. 384 00:14:51,933 --> 00:14:53,933 NOW, THIS WAS CARTON NAPIER, WHO 385 00:14:53,933 --> 00:14:54,933 IS THE HERO HERE, SO STAY TUNED 386 00:14:54,933 --> 00:14:56,933 FOR HOLLYWOOD ON THAT, BUT 387 00:14:56,933 --> 00:14:58,933 NEVERTHELESS, IT DID CATCH THE 388 00:14:58,933 --> 00:15:03,000 PEOPLE'S IMAGINATION, AND FOLKS 389 00:15:03,000 --> 00:15:06,000 WERE VERY INTERESTED IN WHAT -- 390 00:15:06,000 --> 00:15:07,000 IN WHAT WAS HAPPENING THERE. 391 00:15:07,000 --> 00:15:08,000 NOW THE EVENT OF THE SPACE AGE, 392 00:15:08,000 --> 00:15:11,000 OF COURSE, THIS IS GOING TO BE 393 00:15:11,000 --> 00:15:12,000 ONE OF THE PLACES THAT WE WANT 394 00:15:12,000 --> 00:15:17,000 TO GO VISIT, AND, IN FACT, IN 395 00:15:17,000 --> 00:15:19,000 1762 THERE WAS A MISSION FROM 396 00:15:19,000 --> 00:15:21,000 NASA, AND IT WAS NASA'S FIRST 397 00:15:21,000 --> 00:15:23,000 FORAY OUT BEYOND THE EARTH-MOON 398 00:15:23,000 --> 00:15:24,000 SYSTEM. 399 00:15:24,000 --> 00:15:27,000 BASICALLY THE FIRST NASA PROBE 400 00:15:27,000 --> 00:15:28,933 THAT LEFT AN ERLT ENVIRONMENT TO 401 00:15:28,933 --> 00:15:31,233 GO EXPLORE ELSEWHERE WENT TO 402 00:15:31,233 --> 00:15:32,966 VENUS ON THE MISSION. 403 00:15:32,966 --> 00:15:35,933 THE RUSSIANS WERE HEAVILY 404 00:15:35,933 --> 00:15:36,933 ENGAGED. 405 00:15:36,933 --> 00:15:42,933 RUSSIANS WERE HEAVILY ENGAGED IN 406 00:15:42,933 --> 00:15:44,933 THIS ACTIVITY ALSO. 407 00:15:44,933 --> 00:15:46,933 WITH SEVERAL LANDERS THAT THEY 408 00:15:46,933 --> 00:15:49,933 SENT IN 1881 AND THEN IN 1884 409 00:15:49,933 --> 00:15:53,933 THEY LAUNCHED SOME BALLOONS. 410 00:15:53,933 --> 00:15:56,933 NOW WE HAVE OBSERVATIONS OF THIS 411 00:15:56,933 --> 00:16:02,000 VERY DENSELY COATED ATMOSPHERE 412 00:16:02,000 --> 00:16:06,000 PLANET, AND UNDERSTANDING WHAT 413 00:16:06,000 --> 00:16:09,000 LAID BELOW THAT DENSE FOG 414 00:16:09,000 --> 00:16:11,000 ESSENTIALLY WE KNOW NOW A 415 00:16:11,000 --> 00:16:12,000 SULFURIC ACID -- WHAT LAY 416 00:16:12,000 --> 00:16:16,000 BENEATH IT WAS A VERY GRADIENT 417 00:16:16,000 --> 00:16:19,000 INTEREST, MAGELLAN WITH ITS 418 00:16:19,000 --> 00:16:21,000 RADAR WAS ABLE TO MAP THE 419 00:16:21,000 --> 00:16:24,000 SURFACE OF VENUS AND MORE 420 00:16:24,000 --> 00:16:26,000 RECENTLY THE VENUS EXPRESS 421 00:16:26,000 --> 00:16:31,933 MISSION WITH NASA COLLABORATION 422 00:16:31,933 --> 00:16:35,933 MORE ABOUT THE HISTORY OF THAT 423 00:16:35,933 --> 00:16:36,933 TOPOGRAPHY AND THE HISTORY OF 424 00:16:36,933 --> 00:16:42,933 THE SURFACE OF VENUS. 425 00:16:42,933 --> 00:16:45,933 SO WHEN WE FIRST OPTICALLY 426 00:16:45,933 --> 00:16:47,933 OPENED VENUS, THIS IS BASICALLY 427 00:16:47,933 --> 00:16:48,933 WHAT IT LOOKED LIKE. 428 00:16:48,933 --> 00:16:51,933 IT HAD A THICK ATMOSPHERE OVER 429 00:16:51,933 --> 00:16:54,933 IT, AND -- TRYING TO FIGURE OUT 430 00:16:54,933 --> 00:16:56,933 HOW TO -- BUT WITH THE RADARS 431 00:16:56,933 --> 00:16:59,933 NOW, WE CAN SEE DOWN BELOW, AND 432 00:16:59,933 --> 00:17:05,000 WE SEE A VERY HEAVILY STRUCTURED 433 00:17:05,000 --> 00:17:07,000 SURFACE WHERE THE GREEN AND THE 434 00:17:07,000 --> 00:17:09,000 BLUES IDENTIFY THE HIGHER -- THE 435 00:17:09,000 --> 00:17:12,000 LOWER ELEVATIONS AND THE LIGHT 436 00:17:12,000 --> 00:17:15,000 COLORED REDDER ARE THE HIGHER 437 00:17:15,000 --> 00:17:19,000 ELEVATIONS OF VENUS, AND THIS IS 438 00:17:19,000 --> 00:17:21,000 A VERY PROMINENT LARGE MOUNTAIN. 439 00:17:21,000 --> 00:17:29,000 TURNS OUT TO BE A VOLCANO. 440 00:17:29,000 --> 00:17:30,000 SO THIS RIGHT HERE GIVES A 441 00:17:30,000 --> 00:17:32,000 SENSE -- THIS IS A MOVIE PUT 442 00:17:32,000 --> 00:17:34,000 TOGETHER BY J.P.L. AND GIVES YOU 443 00:17:34,000 --> 00:17:38,000 A SENSE OF WHAT THE PLANET 444 00:17:38,000 --> 00:17:41,000 LOOKED LIKE IN ITS SURFACE AS WE 445 00:17:41,000 --> 00:17:43,000 FIRST OBSERVED VENUS OPTICALLY, 446 00:17:43,000 --> 00:17:46,000 BUT NOW IF WE CAN SEE THROUGH 447 00:17:46,000 --> 00:17:49,000 THAT WITH THE RADAR, WE SEE A 448 00:17:49,000 --> 00:17:53,000 HIGHLY STRUCTURED PLANET THAT 449 00:17:53,000 --> 00:17:58,000 HAS A RICH HISTORY IN TERMS OF 450 00:17:58,000 --> 00:18:03,066 CRATERING AS WELL AS ACTIVITY 451 00:18:03,066 --> 00:18:09,066 THAT'S IN THERE. 452 00:18:09,066 --> 00:18:10,066 ANOTHER MOVIE HERE THAT WAVE PUT 453 00:18:10,066 --> 00:18:14,066 TOGETHER KIND OF GIVES YOU A 454 00:18:14,066 --> 00:18:17,066 SENSE OF WHAT -- OF HOW THE 455 00:18:17,066 --> 00:18:20,066 INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION HAS 456 00:18:20,066 --> 00:18:22,066 REALLY SERBED US WELL. 457 00:18:22,066 --> 00:18:27,066 THIS IS A 3-D RENDERING DONE BY 458 00:18:27,066 --> 00:18:29,000 J.P.L. OF ONE OF THE ACTIVE -- 459 00:18:29,000 --> 00:18:30,000 OR LARGE MOUNTAINS ON THE 460 00:18:30,000 --> 00:18:33,000 SURFACE, AND IT TURNS OUT TO BE 461 00:18:33,000 --> 00:18:36,000 AN ACTIVE REGION BECAUSE AS ESA 462 00:18:36,000 --> 00:18:38,000 WENT AND MEASURED THE 463 00:18:38,000 --> 00:18:41,000 TEMPERATURE OF THE SURFACE, YOU 464 00:18:41,000 --> 00:18:42,000 COULD -- WITH ITS COLOR OVERLAY, 465 00:18:42,000 --> 00:18:43,000 YOU COULD SEE THAT THE 466 00:18:43,000 --> 00:18:46,000 PRESSURE -- THE RED AND THE 467 00:18:46,000 --> 00:18:51,000 YELLOW ARE THE MORE RECENT AND 468 00:18:51,000 --> 00:18:52,000 HOTTER TEMPERATURES, REGIONS 469 00:18:52,000 --> 00:18:54,000 INDICATING PERHAPS A RECENT LAVA 470 00:18:54,000 --> 00:18:56,000 FLOW OFF THE MOUNTAIN -- OFF THE 471 00:18:56,000 --> 00:18:57,000 VOLCANO, AND BASICALLY THAT IS 472 00:18:57,000 --> 00:19:02,000 INDICATING THAT VENUS IS A VERY 473 00:19:02,000 --> 00:19:04,000 ACTIVE IS PERHAPS MORE ACTIVE 474 00:19:04,000 --> 00:19:05,000 THAN WHAT WE SAW. 475 00:19:05,000 --> 00:19:07,000 THERE ARE A LOT OF THINGS WE'VE 476 00:19:07,000 --> 00:19:10,000 LEARNED ABOUT VENUS. 477 00:19:10,000 --> 00:19:12,000 ONE OF THE THINGS THAT IS VERY 478 00:19:12,000 --> 00:19:13,000 HOT THERE. 479 00:19:13,000 --> 00:19:15,000 HERE'S A TEMPERATURE AS A 480 00:19:15,000 --> 00:19:17,000 FUNCTION OF ALTITUDE. 481 00:19:17,000 --> 00:19:18,000 SO ON THE SURFACE WE'RE TALKING 482 00:19:18,000 --> 00:19:20,000 ABOUT CLOSE TO 800 DEGREES 483 00:19:20,000 --> 00:19:21,000 FAHRENHEIT. 484 00:19:21,000 --> 00:19:22,000 VERY, VERY HOT. 485 00:19:22,000 --> 00:19:24,000 KIND OF A NASTY ENVIRONMENT 486 00:19:24,000 --> 00:19:25,000 HERE. 487 00:19:25,000 --> 00:19:26,000 HERE'S SULFURIC ACID. 488 00:19:26,000 --> 00:19:31,933 THERE'S A STRONG LAYER OF 489 00:19:31,933 --> 00:19:32,933 KILOMETERS, AND THEN THE 490 00:19:32,933 --> 00:19:35,933 PRESSURE IS ALSO VERY -- IT'S 491 00:19:35,933 --> 00:19:37,933 VERY DENSE THERE WITH THE 492 00:19:37,933 --> 00:19:38,933 PRESSURE GETTING ABOUT 90 TIMES 493 00:19:38,933 --> 00:19:39,933 GREATER THAN THE PRESSURE HERE 494 00:19:39,933 --> 00:19:41,933 ON THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH, SO 495 00:19:41,933 --> 00:19:43,200 THINK OF YOURSELF IN A PRESSURE 496 00:19:43,200 --> 00:19:44,000 COOKER. 497 00:19:44,000 --> 00:19:45,933 THAT'S WHAT YOU WOULD BE LIKE IF 498 00:19:45,933 --> 00:19:46,933 YOU WERE SITTING ON VENUS. 499 00:19:46,933 --> 00:19:48,933 IT'S A VERY NASTY ENVIRONMENT 500 00:19:48,933 --> 00:19:53,933 FROM A HUMAN'S PERSPECTIVE. 501 00:19:53,933 --> 00:19:54,933 THE LAST AREA THAT I WANT TO 502 00:19:54,933 --> 00:19:56,933 TALK ABOUT IN TERMS OF THE 503 00:19:56,933 --> 00:19:58,933 APPLICATION IS ASTROPHYSICS, AND 504 00:19:58,933 --> 00:20:01,000 I WANT TO DRAW YOUR ATTENTION TO 505 00:20:01,000 --> 00:20:04,000 THE KEPLER MISSION WHERE THE 506 00:20:04,000 --> 00:20:05,000 KEPLER MISSION MISSION, AS YOU 507 00:20:05,000 --> 00:20:07,000 MAY RECALL, IS A MISSION THAT'S 508 00:20:07,000 --> 00:20:10,000 LOOKING FOR EXO PLANETS, THAT IS 509 00:20:10,000 --> 00:20:12,000 PLANETS BEYOND OUR SOLAR SYSTEM. 510 00:20:12,000 --> 00:20:13,000 THE PRIMARY BAYWAY THEY DO THAT 511 00:20:13,000 --> 00:20:15,000 IS LOOK AT STARS WITHIN OUR 512 00:20:15,000 --> 00:20:18,000 GALAXY, AND LOOK AT THE 513 00:20:18,000 --> 00:20:19,000 BRIGHTNESS OF THAT STAR AND ONCE 514 00:20:19,000 --> 00:20:21,000 IN A WHILE THEY'LL SEE A DIP IN 515 00:20:21,000 --> 00:20:22,000 THE BRIGHTNESS OF THE STAR, AND 516 00:20:22,000 --> 00:20:24,000 THEN IT WILL COME BACK, AND 517 00:20:24,000 --> 00:20:26,000 THAT'S BASICALLY WHEN A PLANET 518 00:20:26,000 --> 00:20:27,000 IS TRANSITING JUST LIKE VENUS IS 519 00:20:27,000 --> 00:20:28,900 GOING TO BE DOING ACROSS THAT 520 00:20:28,900 --> 00:20:29,700 STAR. 521 00:20:29,700 --> 00:20:32,933 SO BASICALLY THEY HAVE -- THEY 522 00:20:32,933 --> 00:20:35,933 ARE OBSERVING PLANETARY 523 00:20:35,933 --> 00:20:37,266 TRANSITS, YOU KNOW, THOUSANDS OF 524 00:20:37,266 --> 00:20:38,600 LIGHT YEARS AWAY IN THE SAME WAY 525 00:20:38,600 --> 00:20:40,933 THAT WE ARE GOING TO BE 526 00:20:40,933 --> 00:20:44,933 OBSERVING THE PLANETARY -- THE 527 00:20:44,933 --> 00:20:45,933 VENUS TRANSIT. 528 00:20:45,933 --> 00:20:46,933 IT'S THE SAME TECHNIQUE. 529 00:20:46,933 --> 00:20:48,933 IF YOU UNDERSTAND THAT. 530 00:20:48,933 --> 00:20:50,066 AND SO KEPLER HAS BEEN VERY 531 00:20:50,066 --> 00:20:50,800 SUCCESSFUL. 532 00:20:50,800 --> 00:20:52,933 PERIODICALLY YOU HEAR ABOUT 533 00:20:52,933 --> 00:20:54,933 UPDATES ABOUT THE LATEST COUNT. 534 00:20:54,933 --> 00:20:56,933 IT'S OVER 2,000 CANDIDATE 535 00:20:56,933 --> 00:20:58,933 SYSTEMS WITH ALMOST 700 OF THEM 536 00:20:58,933 --> 00:21:00,066 CONFIRMED HAVING PLANETARY 537 00:21:00,066 --> 00:21:00,866 SYSTEMS. 538 00:21:00,866 --> 00:21:03,000 AGAIN, THEY'RE LOOKING AT THINGS 539 00:21:03,000 --> 00:21:07,000 THAT ARE 1,000 LIGHT YEARS AWAY. 540 00:21:07,000 --> 00:21:11,000 WHEREAS HERE, WHAT WE'RE DOING 541 00:21:11,000 --> 00:21:12,233 IS VERY MUCH -- IS VERY CLOSE 542 00:21:12,233 --> 00:21:13,000 BY. 543 00:21:13,000 --> 00:21:15,000 IT'S ONLY EIGHT LIGHT MINUTES 544 00:21:15,000 --> 00:21:16,000 AWAY, BUT HUBBELL TELESCOPE IS 545 00:21:16,000 --> 00:21:18,000 BASICALLY GOING TO DO THE SAME 546 00:21:18,000 --> 00:21:24,000 THING ON THIS VENUS AND THIS 547 00:21:24,000 --> 00:21:25,000 TRANSIT TOMORROW. 548 00:21:25,000 --> 00:21:26,000 THEY'RE NOT GOING TO LOOK 549 00:21:26,000 --> 00:21:29,933 DIRECTLY AT THE SUN BECAUSE THAT 550 00:21:29,933 --> 00:21:30,933 GOING TO DO IS THEY ARE GOING TO 551 00:21:30,933 --> 00:21:33,933 LOOK AT OFF THE SURFACE OF THE 552 00:21:33,933 --> 00:21:34,933 MOON, AND THEY'VE ALREADY TAKEN 553 00:21:34,933 --> 00:21:36,933 A BACKGROUND MEASUREMENT AND A 554 00:21:36,933 --> 00:21:37,933 PARTICULAR REGION OF THE MOON, 555 00:21:37,933 --> 00:21:40,933 THE TYCO CRATER HERE TAKEN VERY 556 00:21:40,933 --> 00:21:43,933 GOOD OBSERVATIONS AND BASICALLY 557 00:21:43,933 --> 00:21:46,933 HAVE GOTTEN A BACKGROUND 558 00:21:46,933 --> 00:21:48,933 REFLECTION OF IT AS VENUS 559 00:21:48,933 --> 00:21:49,933 TRANSITS ACROSS THE SUN, THEY'RE 560 00:21:49,933 --> 00:21:52,933 GOING TO SEE A DROP IN THAT 561 00:21:52,933 --> 00:21:53,933 BACKGROUND, AN INTENSITY, AND 562 00:21:53,933 --> 00:21:56,566 THEN THEY'LL SEE IT GO BACK UP 563 00:21:56,566 --> 00:21:57,366 AGAIN. 564 00:21:57,366 --> 00:21:58,833 BY LOOKING AT ESSENTIALLY A 565 00:21:58,833 --> 00:22:00,200 REFLECTOSPHERE WHICH IS 566 00:22:00,200 --> 00:22:03,000 BASICALLY GOING TO BE A PROXY 567 00:22:03,000 --> 00:22:04,000 FOR LOOKING AT THE SUN. 568 00:22:04,000 --> 00:22:05,000 THEY'RE GOING TO DO MORE THAN 569 00:22:05,000 --> 00:22:06,000 THAT. 570 00:22:06,000 --> 00:22:07,000 HUBBELL IS VERY CAPABLE ASSET, 571 00:22:07,000 --> 00:22:09,000 AS YOU KNOW, AND THEY CAN ALSO 572 00:22:09,000 --> 00:22:12,000 LOOK AT THE SPECTRAL 573 00:22:12,000 --> 00:22:13,000 CHARACTERISTICS OF THAT LIGHT. 574 00:22:13,000 --> 00:22:15,000 THEY CAN LOOK AT THE COLOR OR 575 00:22:15,000 --> 00:22:16,000 THE WAVE LENGTH DISTRIBUTION 576 00:22:16,000 --> 00:22:18,000 THAT'S COMING OFF THE LUNAR 577 00:22:18,000 --> 00:22:19,000 SURFACE. 578 00:22:19,000 --> 00:22:20,000 NOW, REMEMBER WHEN VENUS 579 00:22:20,000 --> 00:22:22,000 TRANSITS ACROSS THE SUN, IT'S 580 00:22:22,000 --> 00:22:24,000 GOT AN ATMOSPHERE, AND PART OF 581 00:22:24,000 --> 00:22:25,000 THE LIGHT THAT COMES -- THAT'S 582 00:22:25,000 --> 00:22:26,000 GOING TO STRIKE THE MOON IS 583 00:22:26,000 --> 00:22:28,933 GOING TO BE GOING THROUGH THAT 584 00:22:28,933 --> 00:22:30,933 ATMOSPHERE, AND SO SOME OF THE 585 00:22:30,933 --> 00:22:32,933 SUNLIGHT THAT HUBBELL IS GOING 586 00:22:32,933 --> 00:22:35,933 TO OBSERVE AS THE VENUS GOES 587 00:22:35,933 --> 00:22:37,933 ACROSS IS GOING TO BE ALTERED 588 00:22:37,933 --> 00:22:38,933 SLIGHTLY BY THE LIGHT GOING 589 00:22:38,933 --> 00:22:40,933 THROUGH VENUS'S ATMOSPHERE AND 590 00:22:40,933 --> 00:22:42,933 MAYBE GETTING ABSORBED BY SOME 591 00:22:42,933 --> 00:22:43,933 OF THE CONSTITUENTS IN THE VENUS 592 00:22:43,933 --> 00:22:44,933 ATMOSPHERE, SO THEY'RE GOING TO 593 00:22:44,933 --> 00:22:47,933 BE ABLE TO ALSO UNDERSTAND -- 594 00:22:47,933 --> 00:22:50,933 AGAIN, MEASURE IN AN INDIRECT 595 00:22:50,933 --> 00:22:57,933 WAY SOME OF THE ATMOSPHER 596 00:22:57,933 --> 00:22:58,933 CONSTITUENTS OF DOING THIS WAY. 597 00:22:58,933 --> 00:23:02,000 KEPLER IS GOING TO DO THE SAME 598 00:23:02,000 --> 00:23:03,200 THING FOR SYSTEMS LIGHT YEARS 599 00:23:03,200 --> 00:23:03,966 AWAY. 600 00:23:03,966 --> 00:23:06,000 THIS GIVES YOU A SENSE OF HOW 601 00:23:06,000 --> 00:23:07,000 DIFFICULT THE OBSERVATIONS ARE 602 00:23:07,000 --> 00:23:09,000 THAT KEPLER IS MAKING AS WELL AS 603 00:23:09,000 --> 00:23:12,000 THE POWER OF REALLY STUDYING 604 00:23:12,000 --> 00:23:12,733 VERY CAREFULLY WHENEVER WE 605 00:23:12,733 --> 00:23:13,500 LAUNCH THESE MISSIONS AND 606 00:23:13,500 --> 00:23:15,000 LOOKING AT THE DATA IN EVERY 607 00:23:15,000 --> 00:23:18,000 WHICH WAY POSSIBLE TO MAXIMIZE 608 00:23:18,000 --> 00:23:21,000 THE OUTPUT THAT WE GET FROM IT. 609 00:23:21,000 --> 00:23:22,000 NOW LET'S TALK ABOUT WHAT'S 610 00:23:22,000 --> 00:23:24,000 GOING TO HAPPEN TOMORROW. 611 00:23:24,000 --> 00:23:27,000 TOMORROW AFTERNOON BASICALLY 612 00:23:27,000 --> 00:23:30,933 BEGINNING AROUND 5:00 THE VENUS 613 00:23:30,933 --> 00:23:33,933 THE LOCAL TIME HERE. 614 00:23:33,933 --> 00:23:36,933 CUT ACROSS THE -- THE SUN'S 615 00:23:36,933 --> 00:23:38,733 SURFACE, SOLAR DISK, AND HERE'S 616 00:23:38,733 --> 00:23:40,333 A MASS OF THE WORLD KIND OF 617 00:23:40,333 --> 00:23:43,933 INDICATING ABOUT WHERE -- WHO IS 618 00:23:43,933 --> 00:23:44,933 GOING TO BE ABLE TO SEE IT, AND 619 00:23:44,933 --> 00:23:45,933 SO IF YOU ARE IN THIS PART OF 620 00:23:45,933 --> 00:23:46,933 THE WORLD, YOU'RE GOING TO BE 621 00:23:46,933 --> 00:23:50,933 ABLE TO SEE THE TRANSIT 622 00:23:50,933 --> 00:23:51,733 BASICALLY BEGINNING AT SUNRISE. 623 00:23:51,733 --> 00:23:52,500 UNFORTUNATELY, IF YOU'RE IN THIS 624 00:23:52,500 --> 00:23:53,933 PART OF THE WORLD, YOU'RE NOT 625 00:23:53,933 --> 00:23:56,933 GOING TO GET TO SEE IT AT ALL, 626 00:23:56,933 --> 00:23:58,866 BUT HERE WE ARE, AND IN THIS 627 00:23:58,866 --> 00:24:00,966 PART OF THE WORLD WHERE ARE WE 628 00:24:00,966 --> 00:24:05,000 GOING TO SEE IT AT SUNSET, AND 629 00:24:05,000 --> 00:24:06,000 SO BASICALLY WE'LL BE ABLE TO 630 00:24:06,000 --> 00:24:08,000 SEE IT BEGINNING, LIKE I SAID, 631 00:24:08,000 --> 00:24:10,000 AT 5:00 LOCAL TIME ALL THE WAY 632 00:24:10,000 --> 00:24:11,000 THROUGH SUNSET. 633 00:24:11,000 --> 00:24:14,000 THE VENUS -- IT WILL NOT TRANSIT 634 00:24:14,000 --> 00:24:15,000 ALL THE WAY BY SUNSET. 635 00:24:15,000 --> 00:24:17,000 IF YOU'RE IN THE GREEN PART, YOU 636 00:24:17,000 --> 00:24:22,000 GET TO SEE THE ENTIRE TRANSIT, 637 00:24:22,000 --> 00:24:24,000 AND SO NOTICE THE HAWAII OUT 638 00:24:24,000 --> 00:24:26,000 HERE IN THIS REGION, AND SO NASA 639 00:24:26,000 --> 00:24:28,933 IS ARRANGED AND FOR SEVERAL 640 00:24:28,933 --> 00:24:29,933 FEEDS, AND WE'LL TALK ABOUT THAT 641 00:24:29,933 --> 00:24:30,933 IN A LITTLE BIT, BUT YOU'LL BE 642 00:24:30,933 --> 00:24:32,933 ABLE TO SEE THE TRANSIT THE 643 00:24:32,933 --> 00:24:33,933 ENTIRE TIME IF YOU WANT TO WATCH 644 00:24:33,933 --> 00:24:36,933 IT ON THE WEB AFTER THE SUN SETS 645 00:24:36,933 --> 00:24:39,933 WHEREVER YOU HAPPEN TO BE. 646 00:24:39,933 --> 00:24:40,933 SO IT IS KIND OF -- AND A POSTER 647 00:24:40,933 --> 00:24:42,933 THAT YOU CAN PICK UP THAT 648 00:24:42,933 --> 00:24:47,933 BASICALLY HAS THIS IMAGE WHERE 649 00:24:47,933 --> 00:24:50,933 BEGINNING AT 5:09 U.T., WHICH IS 650 00:24:50,933 --> 00:24:55,933 BASICALLY 5:10 OR 5:09 LOCAL 651 00:24:55,933 --> 00:25:02,000 TIME HERE -- ALL THE WAY TO 4:49 652 00:25:02,000 --> 00:25:02,900 U.T., WHICH IS MIDNIGHT LOCAL 653 00:25:02,900 --> 00:25:03,633 TIME. 654 00:25:03,633 --> 00:25:05,000 OF COURSE, THE SUN WON'T BE 655 00:25:05,000 --> 00:25:06,000 VISIBLE, SO IT'S NOT LIKE WE'RE 656 00:25:06,000 --> 00:25:08,000 GOING TO BE ABLE TO SEE IT. 657 00:25:08,000 --> 00:25:08,633 OKAY. 658 00:25:08,633 --> 00:25:12,000 NOW, VIEWING TIPS. 659 00:25:12,000 --> 00:25:13,000 THIS IS THE SAFETY MOMENT. 660 00:25:13,000 --> 00:25:14,333 ANOTHER SAFETY MOMENT. 661 00:25:14,333 --> 00:25:16,133 DO NOT LOOK AT THE SUN WITH YOUR 662 00:25:16,133 --> 00:25:16,866 NAKED EYE. 663 00:25:16,866 --> 00:25:19,000 OKAY? 664 00:25:19,000 --> 00:25:21,000 WHAT I MEAN BY THAT IS DON'T 665 00:25:21,000 --> 00:25:22,400 LOOK AT THE SUN WITH YOUR NAKED 666 00:25:22,400 --> 00:25:22,966 EYE. 667 00:25:22,966 --> 00:25:25,000 JUST DON'T DO IT. 668 00:25:25,000 --> 00:25:26,000 THAT'S WHAT THESE LITTLE GLASSES 669 00:25:26,000 --> 00:25:29,933 ARE FOR, AND SO I WANT TO DO AN 670 00:25:29,933 --> 00:25:34,933 GLASSES, AND I WANT YOU TO PUT 671 00:25:34,933 --> 00:25:38,933 THEM ON. 672 00:25:38,933 --> 00:25:40,933 AND NOW THIS IS WHAT IT LOOKS 673 00:25:40,933 --> 00:25:42,933 LIKE WHEN THE POWER GOES OUT. 674 00:25:42,933 --> 00:25:44,933 BASICALLY YOU CAN'T SEE 675 00:25:44,933 --> 00:25:45,700 ANYTHING, OKAY? 676 00:25:45,700 --> 00:25:46,566 SO THESE ARE NOT YOUR TYPICAL 677 00:25:46,566 --> 00:25:47,933 SUNGLASSES. 678 00:25:47,933 --> 00:25:49,933 NOW YOU CAN TAKE THEM OFF. 679 00:25:49,933 --> 00:25:51,933 BASICALLY YOU CAN'T SEE 680 00:25:51,933 --> 00:25:52,933 ANYTHING, ALL RIGHT? 681 00:25:52,933 --> 00:25:53,933 THEY'RE INCREDIBLY DENSE. 682 00:25:53,933 --> 00:25:54,933 YOU ARE ONLY GOING TO SEE 683 00:25:54,933 --> 00:25:55,933 SOMETHING IF YOU ARE LOOKING AT 684 00:25:55,933 --> 00:25:57,933 SOMETHING AS BRIGHT AS THE SUN, 685 00:25:57,933 --> 00:25:58,933 AND VERY FEW THINGS ARE AS 686 00:25:58,933 --> 00:26:01,000 BRIGHT AS THE SUN. 687 00:26:01,000 --> 00:26:03,000 THAT ALSO SAYS THAT VERY FEW 688 00:26:03,000 --> 00:26:05,000 THINGS BLOCK OUT THE LIGHT THIS 689 00:26:05,000 --> 00:26:08,000 WAY AS WELL, SO DON'T USE YOUR 690 00:26:08,000 --> 00:26:09,000 NORMAL SUNGLASSES OR DON'T TRY 691 00:26:09,000 --> 00:26:09,900 TO SQUINT OR SOMETHING LIKE 692 00:26:09,900 --> 00:26:10,666 THAT. 693 00:26:10,666 --> 00:26:12,000 USE THESE GLASSES, OR IF YOU 694 00:26:12,000 --> 00:26:14,000 HAPPEN TO BE IN THE WELDING 695 00:26:14,000 --> 00:26:16,000 BUSINESS OR MARRIED TO A WELDER, 696 00:26:16,000 --> 00:26:18,000 WHATEVER, YOU CAN USE YOUR 697 00:26:18,000 --> 00:26:21,000 WELDING GLASSES, SO LONG AS MAKE 698 00:26:21,000 --> 00:26:23,066 SURE -- I KEEP PUSHING THE WRONG 699 00:26:23,066 --> 00:26:23,866 BUTTON. 700 00:26:23,866 --> 00:26:27,000 MAKE SURE THAT YOU HAVE A NUMBER 701 00:26:27,000 --> 00:26:29,933 14 WELDERS GLASS. 702 00:26:29,933 --> 00:26:30,933 NOW, OBVIOUSLY, YOU CAN SEE THIS 703 00:26:30,933 --> 00:26:31,933 MAKES IT A LOT EASIER BECAUSE 704 00:26:31,933 --> 00:26:33,933 NOW YOU CAN BRING YOUR 705 00:26:33,933 --> 00:26:35,933 BINOCULARS UP TO YOUR EYES TO 706 00:26:35,933 --> 00:26:37,233 LOOK AT IT WHENEVER, BUT USE 707 00:26:37,233 --> 00:26:38,033 THESE GLASSES. 708 00:26:38,033 --> 00:26:39,933 THE TRANSIT IS GOING TO TAKE A 709 00:26:39,933 --> 00:26:40,933 LONG TIME. 710 00:26:40,933 --> 00:26:42,466 SUNSET IS, YOU KNOW, NOT FOR A 711 00:26:42,466 --> 00:26:44,033 COUPLE OF HOURS AFTER IT BEGINS, 712 00:26:44,033 --> 00:26:44,900 SO YOU CAN KIND OF SHARE IT 713 00:26:44,900 --> 00:26:45,566 AROUND. 714 00:26:45,566 --> 00:26:46,933 EVERYBODY CAN ENJOY IT. 715 00:26:46,933 --> 00:26:47,933 THERE ARE OTHER WAYS TO LOOK AT 716 00:26:47,933 --> 00:26:49,933 THE TRANSIT AS WELL. 717 00:26:49,933 --> 00:26:51,933 YOU CAN LOOK AT -- YOU CAN USE A 718 00:26:51,933 --> 00:26:54,933 TELESCOPE SO LONG AS YOU HAVE A 719 00:26:54,933 --> 00:26:56,933 GOOD SOLAR FILM DRUM, AND 720 00:26:56,933 --> 00:26:57,933 BASICALLY THIS WELDING GLASSES 721 00:26:57,933 --> 00:26:58,933 IS YOUR SOLAR FILTER. 722 00:26:58,933 --> 00:27:01,000 PUT IT ON THE FRONT END OF THE 723 00:27:01,000 --> 00:27:01,800 TELESCOPE. 724 00:27:01,800 --> 00:27:02,566 NOT ON THE BACK END BECAUSE THE 725 00:27:02,566 --> 00:27:04,000 LIGHT IS REALLY CONCENTRATED 726 00:27:04,000 --> 00:27:05,233 THERE, AND IT MAY NOT WORK QUITE 727 00:27:05,233 --> 00:27:06,000 AS WELL. 728 00:27:06,000 --> 00:27:08,000 PUT IT ON THE FRONT END, AND 729 00:27:08,000 --> 00:27:11,000 THEN YOU CAN LOOK THROUGH YOUR 730 00:27:11,000 --> 00:27:12,000 TELESCOPE OR YOUR BINOCULARS. 731 00:27:12,000 --> 00:27:15,000 THIRD WAY IS INDIRECT VIEWING. 732 00:27:15,000 --> 00:27:16,000 THIS IS BASICALLY A COUPLE OF 733 00:27:16,000 --> 00:27:19,000 WAYS YOU CAN DO IT. 734 00:27:19,000 --> 00:27:20,000 EITHER WITH A TELESCOPE INSTEAD 735 00:27:20,000 --> 00:27:21,000 OF LOOKING THROUGH THE EYE 736 00:27:21,000 --> 00:27:23,000 PIECE, YOU PROJECT THAT IMAGE 737 00:27:23,000 --> 00:27:25,000 DOWN ON TO THE GROUND OR A PIECE 738 00:27:25,000 --> 00:27:27,000 OF PAPER OR YOU CAN USE A PIN 739 00:27:27,000 --> 00:27:28,000 HOLE CAMERA. 740 00:27:28,000 --> 00:27:30,000 IT'S NOT QUITE AS -- IT'S VERY 741 00:27:30,000 --> 00:27:31,000 EASY TO DO. 742 00:27:31,000 --> 00:27:34,000 GET LIKE A PAPER PLATE OR A 743 00:27:34,000 --> 00:27:35,000 SHEET OF PAPER OR CARDBOARD. 744 00:27:35,000 --> 00:27:36,000 JUST POKE A LITTLE PIN HOLE IN 745 00:27:36,000 --> 00:27:37,000 IT, AND THEN PUT ANOTHER PIECE 746 00:27:37,000 --> 00:27:40,000 OF PAPER BEHIND IT, AND THAT 747 00:27:40,000 --> 00:27:42,000 WILL SERVE -- THAT WILL LEND -- 748 00:27:42,000 --> 00:27:44,000 THAT WILL IMAGE THE SUN BACK ON 749 00:27:44,000 --> 00:27:46,000 TO THAT SECOND SHEET OF PAPER, 750 00:27:46,000 --> 00:27:48,000 AND YOU CAN KIND OF MOVE IT 751 00:27:48,000 --> 00:27:49,866 FARTHER APART IF YOU WANT TO 752 00:27:49,866 --> 00:27:50,966 MAKE IT LARGER. 753 00:27:50,966 --> 00:27:55,000 IT'S NOT IDEAL, BUT IT'S AN EASY 754 00:27:55,000 --> 00:27:55,966 THING TO DO, AND A SAFE THING TO 755 00:27:55,966 --> 00:27:56,733 DO. 756 00:27:56,733 --> 00:27:58,000 NOT ONLY CAN YOU LOOK AT THE 757 00:27:58,000 --> 00:27:59,000 TRANSIT THIS WAY, BUT YOU CAN 758 00:27:59,000 --> 00:28:00,066 LOOK AT SUN SPOTS. 759 00:28:00,066 --> 00:28:01,800 WHEN WE GET A LOT OF SUN SPOTS 760 00:28:01,800 --> 00:28:02,600 COMING UP. 761 00:28:02,600 --> 00:28:04,233 IT'S I NOOE EH NEAT WAY TO LOOK 762 00:28:04,233 --> 00:28:05,000 AT THE SUN. 763 00:28:05,000 --> 00:28:08,066 I WOULD TELL YOU THAT IN THE 764 00:28:08,066 --> 00:28:10,066 PARKING LOT OF 4600 TOMORROW 765 00:28:10,066 --> 00:28:10,733 AFTERNOON ON YOUR WAY HOME, STOP 766 00:28:10,733 --> 00:28:11,533 BY. 767 00:28:11,533 --> 00:28:12,266 THEY'RE GOING TO BE TELESCOPES 768 00:28:12,266 --> 00:28:16,066 OUT THERE WHERE YOU CAN BE 769 00:28:16,066 --> 00:28:18,033 VIEWING THE TRANSIT, AND SO A 770 00:28:18,033 --> 00:28:19,333 GREAT OPPORTUNITY. 771 00:28:19,333 --> 00:28:22,066 AGAIN, ONCE IN A LIFETIME. 772 00:28:22,066 --> 00:28:22,833 DON'T FORGET. 773 00:28:22,833 --> 00:28:24,266 THE MAIN THING ABOUT THIS IS 774 00:28:24,266 --> 00:28:25,800 DON'T LOOK AT THE SUN WITH YOUR 775 00:28:25,800 --> 00:28:27,066 NAKED EYE. 776 00:28:27,066 --> 00:28:30,000 ALL RIGHT. 777 00:28:30,000 --> 00:28:31,400 REALLY HEAVILY ENGAGED IN THIS 778 00:28:31,400 --> 00:28:32,200 THING. 779 00:28:32,200 --> 00:28:33,233 THERE'S A LOT OF INFORMATION OUT 780 00:28:33,233 --> 00:28:35,000 THERE ON THE WEB. 781 00:28:35,000 --> 00:28:38,000 IF YOU GO TO VENUS 782 00:28:38,000 --> 00:28:39,000 TRANSIT.NASA.GOV, THERE WILL 783 00:28:39,000 --> 00:28:41,000 BE -- THERE'S A HOST OF 784 00:28:41,000 --> 00:28:42,200 INFORMATION AVAILABLE ON THIS 785 00:28:42,200 --> 00:28:43,000 WEBSITE. 786 00:28:43,000 --> 00:28:45,000 SOME OF THE ACTIVITIES THAT ARE 787 00:28:45,000 --> 00:28:47,000 GOING TO BE TAKING PLACE, 788 00:28:47,000 --> 00:28:48,000 THEY'RE SPONSORED BY NASA AND 789 00:28:48,000 --> 00:28:50,000 INCLUDE A LIVE WEB CHAT FROM 790 00:28:50,000 --> 00:28:52,000 MARSHALL, AND I'LL TALK A LITTLE 791 00:28:52,000 --> 00:28:53,000 BIT ABOUT THAT. 792 00:28:53,000 --> 00:28:55,000 THERE WILL BE WEB CASTS FROM UP 793 00:28:55,000 --> 00:28:56,000 TO TEN LOCATIONS WHERE DEPENDING 794 00:28:56,000 --> 00:28:58,000 ON WHERE YOU ARE ACROSS THE 795 00:28:58,000 --> 00:29:00,000 SURFACE OF THE EARTH, YOU'LL BE 796 00:29:00,000 --> 00:29:03,000 ABLE TO -- THEY'LL BE ABLE TO 797 00:29:03,000 --> 00:29:05,000 FOLLOW THE ENTIRE TRANSIT BEING 798 00:29:05,000 --> 00:29:06,000 BROADCAST LIVE -- THEY'LL BE 799 00:29:06,000 --> 00:29:10,000 BROADCAST ON NASA TV. 800 00:29:10,000 --> 00:29:11,000 IMAGES FROM THE SPACE STATION, 801 00:29:11,000 --> 00:29:12,000 DON PETTITTE, WHO DOES A GREAT 802 00:29:12,000 --> 00:29:15,000 JOB IN TERMS OF PROVIDING US 803 00:29:15,000 --> 00:29:18,000 INFORMATION AND IMAGES AND VERY 804 00:29:18,000 --> 00:29:19,000 INTERESTING ACTIVITIES FROM THE 805 00:29:19,000 --> 00:29:20,000 SPACE STATION IS GOING TO BE 806 00:29:20,000 --> 00:29:21,000 PARTICIPATING AS WELL AS SOME OF 807 00:29:21,000 --> 00:29:24,000 OUR SOLAR MISSIONS, THE SOLAR 808 00:29:24,000 --> 00:29:25,000 DYNAMIC OBSERVE STORY WILL BE 809 00:29:25,000 --> 00:29:26,000 OBSERVING THIS. 810 00:29:26,000 --> 00:29:27,000 A LOT OF ACTIVITY ON THE SOCIAL 811 00:29:27,000 --> 00:29:28,933 MEDIA, ON YOUR iPHONE. 812 00:29:28,933 --> 00:29:29,933 THERE'S A PATH THAT YOU CAN 813 00:29:29,933 --> 00:29:31,266 DOWNLOAD IF YOU GO TO THIS 814 00:29:31,266 --> 00:29:31,866 WEBSITE. 815 00:29:31,866 --> 00:29:33,933 JUST A TON OF STUFF. 816 00:29:33,933 --> 00:29:36,933 OH, AND HERE YOU GO. 817 00:29:36,933 --> 00:29:37,933 HERE'S THE MARCH. 818 00:29:37,933 --> 00:29:39,933 MAKE SURE AND LISTEN TO THAT. 819 00:29:39,933 --> 00:29:45,933 AGAIN, VENUS TRANSIT.NASA.GOV. 820 00:29:45,933 --> 00:29:46,500 GO THERE. 821 00:29:46,500 --> 00:29:47,300 NOW THE WEB CHAT. 822 00:29:47,300 --> 00:29:49,933 THIS IS SOMETHING THAT MARSHALL 823 00:29:49,933 --> 00:29:50,933 HAS DONE PARTICULARLY WITH THE 824 00:29:50,933 --> 00:29:51,933 SCIENCE MISSION DIRECTORY THAT 825 00:29:51,933 --> 00:29:53,866 HAS RECEIVED A VERY GOOD 826 00:29:53,866 --> 00:29:54,800 RESPONSE. 827 00:29:54,800 --> 00:29:58,933 IN FACT, AS OF LAST WEEK WE 828 00:29:58,933 --> 00:29:59,933 PRESENTED A WHOLE SPECIAL 829 00:29:59,933 --> 00:30:02,000 FEATURE ON THE MARSHALL WEB CHAT 830 00:30:02,000 --> 00:30:06,000 AND HOW SUCCESSFUL THEY'VE BEEN 831 00:30:06,000 --> 00:30:07,000 AND WHILE MARSHALL IS KIND OF 832 00:30:07,000 --> 00:30:08,100 FOCUSED, IT'S BELIEVE ONLY A 833 00:30:08,100 --> 00:30:08,900 MARSHALL THING. 834 00:30:08,900 --> 00:30:11,000 IT'S THAT THAT TENDS TO BE WHERE 835 00:30:11,000 --> 00:30:13,000 WE'VE KIND OF REALLY TAKEN 836 00:30:13,000 --> 00:30:14,000 ADVANTAGE OF THIS ONE PARTICULAR 837 00:30:14,000 --> 00:30:17,000 MEDIA, AND OUR FOLKS HAVE DONE A 838 00:30:17,000 --> 00:30:19,000 GREAT JOB ON MANY ACTIVITIES, 839 00:30:19,000 --> 00:30:21,000 MANY DIFFERENT EVENTS THAT HAVE 840 00:30:21,000 --> 00:30:22,000 OCCURRED, AND WE'RE GOING TO DO 841 00:30:22,000 --> 00:30:24,000 IT AGAIN TOMORROW AFTERNOON 842 00:30:24,000 --> 00:30:26,000 BEGINNING AT 3:30 P.M. LOCAL 843 00:30:26,000 --> 00:30:27,000 TIME. 844 00:30:27,000 --> 00:30:28,933 IT'S GOING TO BEGIN WITH -- 845 00:30:28,933 --> 00:30:32,933 BASICALLY YOU LOG ON TO THIS WEB 846 00:30:32,933 --> 00:30:37,933 CHAT ADDRESS RIGHT HERE. 847 00:30:37,933 --> 00:30:41,933 NASA.GOV/CHAT/VENUS TRANSIT, AND 848 00:30:41,933 --> 00:30:43,933 AT 3:30 DR. CARYN FROM AMES ON 849 00:30:43,933 --> 00:30:45,933 THE KEPLER MISSION, SHE'LL BEGIN 850 00:30:45,933 --> 00:30:47,933 THE WEB CHAT BEGINNING AT THAT 851 00:30:47,933 --> 00:30:50,933 TIME, AND THROUGHOUT THE EVENING 852 00:30:50,933 --> 00:30:51,933 WE'LL HAVE VARIOUS OTHER 853 00:30:51,933 --> 00:30:52,933 SCIENTISTS, DR. MELISSA McGRAPH 854 00:30:52,933 --> 00:30:55,933 HERE FROM MARSHALL, JOHN -- DR. 855 00:30:55,933 --> 00:30:57,933 JOHN ALSO HERE FROM MARSHALL, 856 00:30:57,933 --> 00:30:59,933 DR. WEBER FROM MARSHALL AND 857 00:30:59,933 --> 00:31:01,000 MITSY ADAMS FROM MARSHALL WILL 858 00:31:01,000 --> 00:31:02,266 BE CHIMING IN THROUGHOUT THE 859 00:31:02,266 --> 00:31:03,066 EVENING. 860 00:31:03,066 --> 00:31:04,066 IT'S A GREAT OPPORTUNITY TO GO 861 00:31:04,066 --> 00:31:06,000 IN IF YOU HAVE A QUESTION. 862 00:31:06,000 --> 00:31:07,000 JUST SEND IT IN. 863 00:31:07,000 --> 00:31:08,000 THEY'LL ANSWER IT OR POINT YOU 864 00:31:08,000 --> 00:31:12,000 IN THE RIGHT DIRECTION IF THEY 865 00:31:12,000 --> 00:31:13,000 DON'T KNOW THE ANSWER. 866 00:31:13,000 --> 00:31:16,000 A GREAT WAY TO KIND OF GET 867 00:31:16,000 --> 00:31:18,000 INVOLVED IN THE ACTIVITY. 868 00:31:18,000 --> 00:31:20,000 NOW, IT'S REALLY INTERESTING. 869 00:31:20,000 --> 00:31:21,000 JIM GREEN FOUND THIS QUOTE FROM 870 00:31:21,000 --> 00:31:24,000 THE LAST -- FROM THE LAST SET OF 871 00:31:24,000 --> 00:31:27,000 TRANSITS THAT OCCURRED IN 1882 872 00:31:27,000 --> 00:31:28,933 VIA WILLIAM HARTNESS AT THE U.S. 873 00:31:28,933 --> 00:31:29,933 NAVAL OBSERVATORY. 874 00:31:29,933 --> 00:31:30,933 HE SAYS THERE WILL BE ANOTHER 875 00:31:30,933 --> 00:31:31,933 TRANSIT OF VENUS. 876 00:31:31,933 --> 00:31:32,933 THERE WILL BE NO OTHER TRANSIT 877 00:31:32,933 --> 00:31:36,933 OF VENUS UNTIL THE 21st CENTURY 878 00:31:36,933 --> 00:31:39,933 OF OUR ERA HAS DAWNED UPON THE 879 00:31:39,933 --> 00:31:40,933 EARTH, AND JUNE FLOWERS ARE 880 00:31:40,933 --> 00:31:42,933 BLOOMING IN 2004. 881 00:31:42,933 --> 00:31:43,933 WELL, THIS IS 2012. 882 00:31:43,933 --> 00:31:47,933 JUNE FLOWERS ARE BLOOMING, AND 883 00:31:47,933 --> 00:31:48,933 THE INTERESTING STATEMENT IS 884 00:31:48,933 --> 00:31:50,933 WHAT WILL THE STATE OF 885 00:31:50,933 --> 00:31:52,933 SCIENCE -- WHAT WILL BE THE 886 00:31:52,933 --> 00:31:56,933 STATE OF SCIENCE WHEN THE NEXT 887 00:31:56,933 --> 00:31:57,933 TRANSIT SEASON ARRIVES? 888 00:31:57,933 --> 00:31:58,933 GOD ONLY KNOWS. 889 00:31:58,933 --> 00:32:01,000 AS I READ THAT, I THOUGHT, WELL, 890 00:32:01,000 --> 00:32:03,000 GEE, I WONDER WHAT THE STATE OF 891 00:32:03,000 --> 00:32:06,000 SCIENCE IS GOING TO BE IN 2117 892 00:32:06,000 --> 00:32:10,000 WHEN THE NEXT ONE COMES. 893 00:32:10,000 --> 00:32:12,000 WE DON'T KNOW, BUT GOD KNOWS. 894 00:32:12,000 --> 00:32:13,000 ALL RIGHT. 895 00:32:13,000 --> 00:32:17,000 THAT'S THE PRESENTATION. 896 00:32:17,000 --> 00:32:19,000 ANY QUESTIONS? 897 00:32:19,000 --> 00:32:20,000 YOU ALL READY TO GO SEE THE 898 00:32:20,000 --> 00:32:21,000 TRANSIT? 899 00:32:21,000 --> 00:32:22,000 ALL RIGHT. 900 00:32:22,000 --> 00:32:26,000 OKAY. 901 00:32:26,000 --> 00:32:27,000 YES. 902 00:32:27,000 --> 00:32:30,933 QUESTION? 903 00:32:30,933 --> 00:32:32,100 THE QUESTION IS THAT ON THE 904 00:32:32,100 --> 00:32:33,433 FIRST PREDICTION THEY PREDICTED 905 00:32:33,433 --> 00:32:35,933 IT, BUT THEY COULDN'T SEE IT 906 00:32:35,933 --> 00:32:39,933 FROM EUROPE, AND THE REASON IS 907 00:32:39,933 --> 00:32:41,933 NOT THE ENTIRE GLOBE -- THE 908 00:32:41,933 --> 00:32:45,933 VENUS TRANSIT ONLY LASTS FOR A 909 00:32:45,933 --> 00:32:46,933 CERTAIN PERIOD OF TIME, AND SO 910 00:32:46,933 --> 00:32:48,933 THE ENTIRE GLOBE DOESN'T SEE IT 911 00:32:48,933 --> 00:32:49,933 AT ALL TIMES, AND SO WHENEVER 912 00:32:49,933 --> 00:32:52,933 THAT WAS IN 1882 OR SOMETHING 913 00:32:52,933 --> 00:32:54,933 LIKE THAT, EUROPE HAPPENS TO BE 914 00:32:54,933 --> 00:32:56,933 IN THIS NO VISIBLE ZONE BECAUSE, 915 00:32:56,933 --> 00:32:58,933 YOU KNOW, IF IT TOOK, LIKE, 24 916 00:32:58,933 --> 00:32:59,933 HOURS TO GO ACROSS THE SUN, 917 00:32:59,933 --> 00:33:02,000 WHICH IS THE TIME IT TAKES FOR 918 00:33:02,000 --> 00:33:03,000 THE EARTH TO ROTATE, THEN 919 00:33:03,000 --> 00:33:04,000 EVERYBODY COULD SEE IT, BUT IT'S 920 00:33:04,000 --> 00:33:06,000 LESS THAN THAT, AND SO SOME 921 00:33:06,000 --> 00:33:12,000 PARTS OF THE EARTH JUST DON'T 922 00:33:12,000 --> 00:33:14,266 GET TO SEE IT. 923 00:33:14,266 --> 00:33:15,300 YES. 924 00:33:15,300 --> 00:33:18,733 I THINK IT'S GOING TO BE THAT 925 00:33:18,733 --> 00:33:20,033 PICTURE. 926 00:33:20,033 --> 00:33:27,000 NOW -- YEAH, I THINK IT BEGINS 927 00:33:27,000 --> 00:33:29,933 AT THE TOP OF THAT -- I THINK 928 00:33:29,933 --> 00:33:30,933 THAT THIS IS AN ACCURATE 929 00:33:30,933 --> 00:33:31,933 DEPICTION THAT WHEN YOU LOOK AT 930 00:33:31,933 --> 00:33:33,933 THE SOLAR DISK THROUGH YOUR 931 00:33:33,933 --> 00:33:37,933 GLASSES, IT WOULD BEGIN UP HERE, 932 00:33:37,933 --> 00:33:40,933 AND IT WILL GO ACROSS THIS WAY. 933 00:33:40,933 --> 00:33:41,933 THAT'S -- I'M JUST GOING TO 934 00:33:41,933 --> 00:33:47,933 TRUST THE POSTER IS RIGHT. 935 00:33:47,933 --> 00:33:48,933 YOU DON'T NEED YOUR BINOCULARS. 936 00:33:48,933 --> 00:33:50,933 YOU DON'T NEED A TELESCOPE. 937 00:33:50,933 --> 00:33:51,933 YOU'LL SEE A LITTLE DOT GOING 938 00:33:51,933 --> 00:33:52,933 ACROSS. 939 00:33:52,933 --> 00:33:53,933 OF COURSE, IT'S A LOT BETTER IF 940 00:33:53,933 --> 00:33:57,366 YOU DO HAVE IT PROJECTED IN SOME 941 00:33:57,366 --> 00:33:58,200 WAY. 942 00:33:58,200 --> 00:34:02,000 ANY OTHER QUESTIONS? 943 00:34:02,000 --> 00:34:05,000 ALL RIGHT. 944 00:34:05,000 --> 00:34:07,000 WELL, I WANT TO THANK YOU, SHARE 945 00:34:07,000 --> 00:34:08,000 YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF THINGS YOU 946 00:34:08,000 --> 00:34:10,000 HAVE LEARNED TODAY WITH YOUR 947 00:34:10,000 --> 00:34:15,000 COHORTS AT WORK AS WELL, AND IF 948 00:34:15,000 --> 00:34:17,000 THERE IS SOME GLASSES LEFT OVER, 949 00:34:17,000 --> 00:34:19,000 NOW I'M GOING TO WING IT. 950 00:34:19,000 --> 00:34:20,000 I'M NOT SURE HOW WE'RE GOING TO 951 00:34:20,000 --> 00:34:22,000 GET IT TO EVERYBODY, BUT I'M 952 00:34:22,000 --> 00:34:24,000 GOING TO GIVE -- ASK JANET 953 00:34:24,000 --> 00:34:26,000 ANDERSON TO BE KIND OF THE POINT 954 00:34:26,000 --> 00:34:27,000 OF CONTACT AND SO IF YOU GET 955 00:34:27,000 --> 00:34:30,933 BACK TO YOUR OFFICE AND YOU WANT 956 00:34:30,933 --> 00:34:32,933 PEOPLE TO -- AND SOMEONE 957 00:34:32,933 --> 00:34:34,933 EXPRESSES AN INTEREST AND SAY, 958 00:34:34,933 --> 00:34:36,933 OH, GEE, I WANT THOSE GLASSES, 959 00:34:36,933 --> 00:34:38,933 CONTACT JANET ANDERSON AND 960 00:34:38,933 --> 00:34:40,933 SOMEHOW WE'LL GET THOSE TO YOU